Volume X, Issue II

Title– FPGA REALIZATION OF LOW POWER MULTI LAYER PERCEPTRON FULL ADDER TO MINIMIZE EDP OF MODULAR MULTIPLIER

Author– Pakkiraiah C and Dr. R V S. Satyanarayana

Abstract

Public key cryptography has been one of the important areas of research for design engineers due to the significance of security in data transmissions. Modular multiplication is part of the most effective cryptographic algorithms. Reduced switching activity factor and cell count are needed in the design of low-power and energy-efficient portable processors for image and digital signal processing, as well as cryptography applications. For public key cryptographic implementations such as digital signature algorithms, RSA algorithms, and ECC algorithms, crypto-primitives are needed to perform modular multiplication on large integers over finite fields. The research for modular multiplier implementations that use less power and have few cells continues, especially for crypto processors, security units, and CPU portable designs. The modular multiplier receives mainly binary input and produces a binary modular product output. This paper introduces a new Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) based modular multiplier architecture that uses less dynamic power dissipation. When compared to Proposed Full Adder [1] based Modular multiplier (MM), experimental results shows that the MLP based MM approach can achieve significant reductions in dynamic power dissipation and EDP. In this work, the Xilinx Vivado design suite for the Zynq-7000 family of devices is used to synthesize MLP Full Adder (MLPFA), PFA based MM (PMM) and MLP based MM (MLPMM). Based on implementation results, the MLPMM circuit consumes less dynamic power dissipation than the PFA method. In addition, the implementation results are subjected to a formula-based evaluation in order to determine the design’s EDP. When compared to a PFA based modular multiplier, the MLPMM architecture can improve dynamic power dissipation and EDP approximately by 18%.

Index Term– Dynamic Power Dissipation, Energy Delay Product, Neural Networks, Cryptography, Full Adder.

DOI- 10.30696/IJEEA.X.II.2022.01-12

Reference to this paper should be made as follows:  : Pakkiraiah C and Dr. R V S. Satyanarayana, (2022), “FPGA realization of low power multi-layer perceptron full adder to minimize EDP of modular multiplier” Int. J. Electronics Engineering and Applications, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 01-12.

Title– A REVIEW ON BLOCKCHAIN AND ITS SECURITY

Author– B. Ramdasu and K Kiran Prakash

Abstract

Blockchain is the latest buzzwords in the field of Computer Science since the past four years. It has the potential to completely take over the traditional Financial Institutions we know since the past century and bring about Web 3.0. In order to do this the technology has to be highly secure. To understand how and why blockchain is so secure and reliable we need to first understand how the different blocks are linked together in a Blockchain Network. The blocks in a blockchain are linked with the help of a Hashing Algorithm. A hashing algorithm is a one-way mathematical function which generates a unique output for every unique input. The Bitcoin Network uses a SHA-256 hash. A basic block has a data, hash and previous hash field. The hash value of any block is dependent on the hash value of the previous block, therefore making it very difficult to alter the data as any tampering would require altering hashes of each and every subsequent block in the blockchain. A typical blockchain network can have millions of blocks on its chain. This makes it virtually impossible to alter the blockchain, thereby making it so secure. Blockchain is a decentralized technology [14]. It has a lot of power when it comes to solving business difficulties. Algorithms on the nodes validate blockchain transactions. A transaction cannot be initiated by a single entity. Finally, blockchains ensure transparency by allowing each participant to view transactions at any moment. Smart contracts ensure safe transactions, reducing the risk of third-party interruption. Decentralization and immutability are two key characteristics of blockchain. Faster transactions, transaction and validation in seconds, and so forth.

Index Term– Blockchain, cryptocurrency, hash, blocks, faster transaction.

DOI- 10.30696/IJEEA.X.II.2022.13-22

Reference to this paper should be made as follows: B. Ramdasu and K Kiran Prakash, (2022), “A Review on Blockchain and Its Security”, Int. J. Electronics Engineering and Applications, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 13-22.

Title– IMPLEMENTATION OF ELECTRONIC WALKING STICK FOR THE BLIND USING A MICROCONTROLLER AND ULTRASONIC SENSOR

Author– Dr. S.D. Yusuf, Dr. I. Umar and Ghali S.R

Abstract

The difficulties encountered by visually impaired people has been a major problem in our society. How to carter for their mobility, reduce the danger and difficulties of finding obstacle in their ways and make movement so fast and safer for them. In this study, an electronic walking stick for the blind was implemented using a microcontroller Atmega328 and an ultrasonic sensor. The electronic circuit was simulated in stages using Proteus 8.0 design suit. Stages includes the RF module unit, moisture sensor unit, Light sensor unit, ultrasonic module unit, voltage regulator unit, and the buzzer unit. The simulated circuit was constructed on a printed circuit board and tested for continuity and power ON. Also an evaluation performance test was carried out with 40 volunteers who were blindfolded and walked through a path with the stick for straight obstacles detection, water detection, and the remote control detection. The true positive, false positive, true negative and false negative were recorded. Results shows that the constructed walking stick performed very well according to the specification of the design with sensitivity of 98% and specificity of 96%. Implying that the constructed device can correctly identify 98% presence of obstacles and 96% of No obstacle along the path with 97% accuracy. However, it may also fail to identify 2% presence of obstacles and 4% of obstacles when there are no obstacles. The walking stick with an alarm system is a welcoming solution for the visually impaired people since the device can serve to them like an artificial vision. It is affordable, light weight and suitable for the blind people to aid in their navigation.

Index Term– walking stick, ultrasonic module, microcontroller, Proteus design suit, visually impaired, implementation.

DOI- 10.30696/IJEEA.X.II.2022.23-39

Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Dr. S.D. Yusuf, Dr. I. Umar, and Ghali S.R, (2022), “Implementation of Electronic Walking Stick for the Blind Using a Microcontroller and Ultrasonic Sensor” Int. J. Electronics Engineering and Applications, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 23-39.

Title– WEIGHTED CLUSTERING ENSEMBLE WITH BASE CLUSTERING FREQUENCY AND DIVERSITY

Author– Arko Banerjee, Suvendu Chandan Nayak and Chhabi Rani Panigrahi

Abstract

Clustering Ensemble, also referred as Consensus Clustering, is a tool for enhancing the reliability and stability of data clustering by aggregating the base clusterings obtained by different clustering algorithms in the input ensemble. This study introduces a novel ensemble selection strategy for establishing consensus clustering. Our strategy avoids looking at the entire population of base clusterings in the ensemble in order to establish a quality consensus by carefully selecting a few base clusterings. The experimental results reveal that the suggested method’s consensus clustering surpasses some other well known clustering ensemble methods in terms of clustering accuracy for diverse data sets.

Index Term– Ensemble Clustering; Consensus; Frequency; Diversity.

DOI- 10.30696/IJEEA.X.II.2022.41-50

Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Arko Banerjee, Suvendu Chandan Nayak and Chhabi Rani Panigrahi, (2022), “Weighted Clustering Ensemble with Base Clustering Frequency and Diversity” Int. J. Electronics Engineering and Applications, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 41-50.

Title– Security & Privacy Concerns, Medjacking and Attacks in IoT Healthcare System

Author– Mukesh Choubisa , Prof. SO Khanna

Abstract

The Internet of Technology (IoT) is an emerging technology in computer science society. IoT Internet based information architecture facilitate the exchange of information from one place/system to another place/system. The Internet of technology has the principle of providing an IT-infrastructure to exchanges of „„things‟‟ in a reliable and secure manner in network. The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to a basic concept of linked/connected devices of all types over the Internet wireless or wired. The popularity of IoT has improved rapidly, as these technologies are use by many organizations for various purposes, including medical devices, network communication, education, business development and transportation.

Index Term– IoT Security, IoT Privacy, IoT in Healthcare, Medjacking in IoT, IoT Healthcare Security and privacy challenges, IoT healthcare systems, security of IoT, privacy, information security.

DOI- 10.30696/IJEEA.X.II.2022.51-62

Reference to this paper should be made as follows:  Mukesh Choubisa and Prof. S O Khanna, (2022), “Security & Privacy Concerns, Medjacking and Attacks in IoT Healthcare System” Int. J. Electronics Engineering and Applications, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 51-62.